Izinto Zokupakisha Zezimonyo kanye Nocwaningo Lokuhlola Ukuhambisana

Ngokuthuthuka okusheshayo kwezinga lokuphila kwabantu, imboni yezimonyo yaseChina iyadlondlobala. Namuhla, iqembu "le-ingredient party" liyaqhubeka nokukhula, izithako zezimonyo zibonakala obala, futhi ukuphepha kwazo sekugxilwe kakhulu kubathengi. Ngaphezu kokuphepha kwezithako zezimonyo ngokwazo, izinto zokupakisha zihlobene eduze nekhwalithi yezimonyo. Nakuba ukupakishwa kwezimonyo kudlala indima yokuhlobisa, injongo yako ebaluleke kakhulu ukuvikela izimonyo ezingozini zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zamagciwane nezinye. Khetha ukupakishwa okufanele Ikhwalithi yezimonyo ingaqinisekiswa. Kodwa-ke, ukuphepha kwempahla yokupakisha ngokwayo kanye nokuhambisana kwayo nezimonyo kufanele kuvivinywe. Njengamanje, kunamazinga ambalwa okuhlola kanye nemithethonqubo efanele yezinto zokupakisha emkhakheni wezimonyo. Ukuze kutholwe izinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi ezintweni zokupakisha zezimonyo, inkomba eyinhloko iwukuba imithetho efanele emkhakheni wokudla nemithi. Ngokwesisekelo sokufingqa ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokupakisha zezimonyo, leli phepha lihlaziya izithako ezingaphephile ezingaba khona ezintweni zokupakisha, kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha lapho zihlangana nezimonyo, okunikeza isiqondiso esithile sokukhethwa nokuphepha. ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo. Bukela ku. Njengamanje, emkhakheni wezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo nokuhlolwa kwazo, ezinye izinsimbi ezisindayo nezithasiselo ezinobuthi neziyingozi zihlolwa ikakhulukazi. Ekuhlolweni kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha kanye nezimonyo, ukufuduka kwezinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi kokuqukethwe kwezimonyo kucatshangelwa kakhulu.

1. Izinhlobo zezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokupakisha zezimonyo

Njengamanje, izinto zokupakisha ezivame ukusetshenziswa zezimonyo zifaka ingilazi, ipulasitiki, insimbi, i-ceramic nokunye. Ukukhethwa kwephakheji yezimonyo kunquma imakethe yayo kanye nebanga ngokwezinga elithile. Izinto zokupakisha zengilazi ziseyinketho engcono kakhulu yezimonyo ezisezingeni eliphezulu ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo okukhazimulayo. Izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki zikhuphule isabelo sazo semakethe yezinto zokupakisha unyaka nonyaka ngenxa yezimpawu zazo eziqinile nezihlala isikhathi eside. I-airtightness isetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi izifutho. Njengohlobo olusha lwezinto zokupakisha, izinto ze-ceramic zingena kancane kancane emakethe yezinto zokupakisha izimonyo ngenxa yokuphepha kwazo okuphezulu kanye nezakhiwo zokuhlobisa.

1.1Ingilazis

Izinto zengilazi zingezekilasi lezinto ezingezona ezensimbi ze-amorphous inorganic non-metallic, ezinokungabi namandla kwamakhemikhali aphezulu, akulula ukusabela ngezithako zezimonyo, futhi zibe nokuphepha okuphezulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, banezakhiwo eziphezulu zokuvinjelwa futhi akulula ukungena. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinto eziningi zengilazi ziyabonakala futhi zibukeka kahle, futhi cishe zilawulwa emkhakheni wezimonyo namakha aphezulu. Izinhlobo zengilazi ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekufakweni kwezimonyo yingilazi ye-soda lime silicate kanye nengilazi ye-borosilicate. Ngokuvamile, ukuma nokuklama kwalolu hlobo lwezinto zokupakisha kulula. Ukuze ukwenze kube nombala ogqamile, kungenziwa ezinye izinto zokwakha ukuze kubonakale ngemibala ehlukene, njengokwengeza i-Cr2O3 ne-Fe2O3 ukuze ingilazi ibonakale iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, kwengezwe i-Cu2O ukuze ibe bomvu, kanye nokwengeza i-CdO ukuze ibonakale iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. . Okuphuzi okukhanyayo, njll. Uma kubhekwa ukwakheka okulula kwezinto zokupakisha zengilazi futhi azikho izithasiselo ezeqile, ukutholwa kwensimbi esindayo kuphela kuvame ukwenziwa lapho kutholwa izinto eziyingozi ezintweni zokupakisha engilazi. Kodwa-ke, awekho amazinga afanelekile asesunguliwe ukuze kutholwe izinsimbi ezisindayo ezintweni zokupakisha zengilazi zezimonyo, kodwa umthofu, i-cadmium, i-arsenic, i-antimony, njll. kunqunyelwe kumazinga wezinto zokupakisha zengilazi zemithi, ezihlinzeka ngereferensi yokutholwa. yezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo. Ngokuvamile, izinto zokupakisha ingilazi ziphephile, kodwa isicelo sazo sinezinkinga ezithile, ezifana nokusetshenziswa kwamandla aphezulu ohlelweni lokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokombono wezinto zokupakisha ingilazi ngokwayo, izwela kakhulu ekushiseni okuphansi. Lapho izimonyo zithuthwa zisuka endaweni yokushisa ephezulu ziye endaweni yokushisa ephansi, izinto zokupakisha ingilazi zijwayele ukuqhekeka okuqandisayo nezinye izinkinga.

1.2Ipulasitiki

Njengenye impahla yokupakisha yezimonyo evame ukusetshenziswa, ipulasitiki inezici zokumelana namakhemikhali, isisindo esilula, ukuqina kanye nokubala imibala. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokupakisha zengilazi, ukuklanywa kwezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki kuhluke kakhulu, futhi izitayela ezahlukene zingaklanywa ngokuya ngezimo ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza. Amapulasitiki asetshenziswa njengezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo emakethe ikakhulukazi afaka i-polyethylene (PE), i-polypropylene (PP), i-polyethylene terephthalate (PET), i-styrene-acrylonitrile polymer (AS), i-polyparaphenylene Ethylene glycol dicarboxylate-1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (acrylic), i-acrylic , i-acrylonitrile-butadiene[1]i-styrene terpolymer (ABS), njll., phakathi kwayo i-PE, PP, PET, AS, PETG ingaba nokuxhumana okuqondile nokuqukethwe kwezimonyo. I-acrylic eyaziwa ngokuthi i-plexiglass inokungeneka okuphezulu nokubukeka okuhle, kodwa ayikwazi ukuxhumana ngokuqondile nokuqukethwe. Kudingeka ifakwe i-liner ukuyivimbela, futhi kufanele kuthathwe ukunakekelwa ukuze kuvinjwe okuqukethwe ekungeneni phakathi kwe-liner nebhodlela le-acrylic lapho ugcwalisa. Ukuqhekeka kwenzeka. I-ABS iyipulasitiki yobunjiniyela futhi ayikwazi ukuthintwa ngokuqondile nezimonyo.

Nakuba izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki zisetshenziswe kabanzi, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ipulasitiki nokuqina kwamapulasitiki ngesikhathi sokucubungula, ezinye izithasiselo ezingenabungane empilweni yomuntu zivame ukusetshenziswa, njengama-plasticizers, ama-antioxidants, ama-stabilizers, njll Nakuba kukhona ukucatshangelwa okuthile. ukuphepha kwezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki zezimonyo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, izindlela nezindlela zokuhlola ezifanele azikaphakanyiswa ngokucacile. Imithetho ye-European Union kanye ne-United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) ayivamisile ukuthi ibandakanye ukuhlolwa kwezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo. ejwayelekile. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kutholwe izinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi ezintweni zokupakisha zezimonyo, singafunda emithethweni efanele emkhakheni wokudla nemithi. Ama-plasticizers e-phthalate asetshenziswa ngokuvamile athambekele ekufudukeni ezimonyoni ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwamafutha noma okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-solvent, futhi anobuthi besibindi, ubuthi bezinso, i-carcinogenicity, i-teratogenicity kanye nobuthi bokuzala. izwe lami likubeke kwacaca ukufuduka kwamapulasitiki anjalo emkhakheni wokudla. Ngokusho kwe-GB30604.30-2016 "Ukunqunywa Kwe-Phthalates Ezintweni Zokuxhumana Zokudla Nemikhiqizo kanye Nokunqunywa Kokuthutha" Ukufuduka kwe-diallyl formate kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-0.01mg/kg, futhi ukufuduka kwamanye ama-plasticizers e-phthalic acid kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-0.1mg /kg. I-Butylated hydroxyanisole iyi-carcinogen yekilasi 2B emenyezelwe yi-World Health Organisation's International Agency for Research on Cancer njenge-antioxidant ekucubunguleni amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kakhulu. I-World Health Organisation imemezele ukuthi umkhawulo wayo wokudla kwansuku zonke ngu-500μg/kg. izwe lami libeka ku-GB31604.30-2016 ukuthi ukufuduka kwe-tert-butyl hydroxyanisole emaphaketheni epulasitiki kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-30mg/kg. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-EU nayo inezidingo ezihambisanayo zokufuduka kwe-ejenti yokuvimbela ukukhanya i-benzophenone (BP), okufanele ibe ngaphansi kuka-0.6 mg/kg, futhi ukufuduka kwama-antioxidants e-hydroxytoluene (BHT) kufanele kube ngaphansi kuka-3 mg/kg. Ngaphezu kwezithasiselo ezibalwe ngenhla ezisetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki ezingase zidale izingozi zokuphepha lapho zihlangana nezimonyo, amanye ama-monomers asele, ama-oligomers nezincibilikisi nawo angabangela izingozi, njenge-terephthalic acid, i-styrene, i-chlorine Ethylene. , i-epoxy resin, i-terephthalate oligomer, i-acetone, i-benzene, i-toluene, i-ethylbenzene, njll. I-EU ibeka ukuthi inani eliphezulu lokufuduka kwe-terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid kanye nokuphuma kwayo kufanele likhawulelwe ku-5~7.5mg/kg, futhi izwe lami nalo liye wenza imithetho efanayo. Ezincibilikisini eziyinsalela, umbuso ubeke ngokucacile emkhakheni wezinto zokupakisha zemithi, okusho ukuthi, inani eliphelele lezinsalela ze-solvent akufanele lidlule ku-5.0mg/m2, futhi ngeke kutholwe izincibilikisi ezenziwe nge-benzene noma ze-benzene.

1.3 Insimbi

Njengamanje, izinto zokupakisha zensimbi ngokuyinhloko ziyi-aluminium nensimbi, futhi kuneziqukathi zensimbi ezihlanzekile ezimbalwa nezimbalwa. Izinto zokupakisha zensimbi zithatha cishe yonke insimu yezimonyo zokufutha ngenxa yezinzuzo zokuvaleka kahle, izakhiwo ezinhle zokuthibela, ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu, ukugaywa kabusha okulula, ukucindezela, kanye nekhono lokwengeza ama-booster. Ukwengezwa kwe-booster kungenza izimonyo ezifuthwe zibe yi-athomu, zithuthukise umphumela wokumuncwa, futhi zibe nomuzwa opholile, zinikeze abantu umuzwa wokupholisa nokuvuselela isikhumba, okungafinyelelwanga ezinye izinto zokupakisha. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki, izinto zokupakisha zensimbi zinezingozi ezimbalwa zokuphepha futhi ziphephile uma kuqhathaniswa, kodwa kungase kube nokuhlakazeka kwensimbi eyingozi kanye nokugqwala kwezimonyo nezinto zensimbi.

1.4 I-Ceramic

I-Ceramics yazalwa futhi yathuthukiswa ezweni lami, idumile phesheya kwezilwandle, futhi inenani elikhulu lokuhlobisa. Njengengilazi, ayingxenye yezinto ezingezona ezensimbi. Banokusimama okuhle kwamakhemikhali, amelana nezinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, futhi banobulukhuni obuhle nobulukhuni. Ukumelana nokushisa, akulula ukukunqanda kubanda kakhulu nokushisa, kuyinto engaba khona kakhulu yokupakisha yezimonyo. Izinto zokupakisha ze-ceramic ngokwazo ziphephe kakhulu, kodwa futhi kunezici ezingaphephile, njengokuhola okungenzeka kwethulwe ngesikhathi sokucwiliswa ukuze kuncishiswe izinga lokushisa le-sintering, futhi izingulube zensimbi ezimelana nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu zingase zethulwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ubuhle. ye-ceramic glaze, efana ne-cadmium sulfide, i-lead oxide, i-chromium oxide, i-manganese nitrate, njll. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, izinsimbi ezisindayo kulezi zombala zingathuthela kokuqukethwe kwezimonyo, ngakho-ke ukutholwa kokuncibilika kwensimbi esindayo ezintweni zokupakisha ze-ceramic akukwazi. zinganakwa.

2. Ukuhlola ukuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha

Ukuhambisana kusho ukuthi "ukusebenzelana kwesistimu yokupakisha nokuqukethwe akwanele ukubangela izinguquko ezingamukeleki kokuqukethwe noma ukupakisha". Ukuhlola ukuhambisana kuyindlela ephumelelayo yokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi nokuphepha kwezimonyo. Akuhlobene kuphela nokuphepha kwabathengi, kodwa futhi nesithunzi kanye namathemba okuthuthukiswa kwenkampani. Njengenqubo ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwezimonyo, kufanele ihlolwe ngokuqinile. Nakuba ukuhlola kungeke kugweme zonke izinkinga zokuphepha, ukwehluleka ukuhlola kungase kubangele izinkinga ezihlukahlukene zokuphepha. Ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha akunakushiywa ocwaningweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezimonyo. Ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha kungahlukaniswa izinkomba ezimbili: ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha nokuqukethwe, kanye nokucutshungulwa kwesibili kwezinto zokupakisha kanye nokuhlolwa kokuhambisana kokuqukethwe.

2.1Ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha nokuqukethwe

Ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha nokuqukethwe ikakhulukazi kuhlanganisa ukuhambisana komzimba, ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-biocompatibility. Phakathi kwazo, ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana ngokomzimba kulula. Iphenya kakhulu ukuthi okuqukethwe nezinto zokupakisha ezihlobene zizoba yini izinguquko ezibonakalayo lapho zigcinwe ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi nezimo zokushisa ezivamile, ezifana ne-adsorption, infiltration, imvula, imifantu nezinye izinto ezingavamile. Nakuba izinto zokupakisha ezifana ne-ceramics namapulasitiki ngokuvamile zinokubekezelela okuhle nokuzinza, kunezigigaba eziningi ezifana nokukhangisa nokungena ngaphakathi. Ngakho-ke, kuyadingeka ukuphenya ukuhambisana ngokomzimba kwezinto zokupakisha nokuqukethwe. Ukuhambisana kwamakhemikhali kuhlola ikakhulukazi ukuthi okuqukethwe nezinto zokupakisha ezihlobene zizobhekana yini noshintsho lwamakhemikhali lapho zigcinwe ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi, izinga lokushisa eliphansi nezimo zokushisa ezivamile, njengokuthi ingabe okuqukethwe kunezimo ezingavamile ezifana nokushintsha kombala, iphunga, izinguquko ze-pH, kanye ne-delamination. Ukuze kuhlolwe i-biocompatibility, ikakhulukazi ukufuduka kwezinto eziyingozi kuzinto zokupakisha ziye kokuqukethwe. Kusukela ekuhlaziyweni kwemishini, ukufuduka kwalezi zinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi kungenxa yokuba khona kwe-concentration gradient ngakolunye uhlangothi, okungukuthi, kune-concentration gradient enkulu kusixhumi esibonakalayo phakathi kwempahla yokupakisha nokuqukethwe kwezimonyo; Isebenzisana nezinto zokupakisha, futhi ingena ngisho nezinto zokupakisha futhi ibangele ukuthi izinto eziyingozi zincibilike. Ngakho-ke, esimweni sokuxhumana kwesikhathi eside phakathi kwezinto zokupakisha nezimonyo, izinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi ezintweni zokupakisha kungenzeka zifuduke. Ukuze kulawulwe izinsimbi ezisindayo ezintweni zokupakisha, i-GB9685-2016 Izinto Zokuxhumana Zokudla kanye Nezithasiselo Zokusebenzisa Amazinga Emikhiqizo icacisa umthofu wensimbi esindayo (1mg/kg), i-antimony (0.05mg/kg), i-zinc (20mg/kg) ne-arsenic ( 1mg/kg). kg), ukutholwa kwezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo kungabhekisa emithethweni emkhakheni wokudla. Ukutholwa kwezinsimbi ezisindayo ngokuvamile kusebenzisa i-spectrometry yokumuncwa kwe-athomu, i-plasma mass spectrometry ehlanganisiwe ngokungenisa, i-atomic fluorescence spectrometry nokunye. Ngokuvamile lawa mapulasitiki, ama-antioxidants nezinye izithasiselo zinokugxila okuphansi, futhi ukutholwa kudinga ukufinyelela ukutholwa okuphansi kakhulu noma umkhawulo wokulinganisa (µg/L noma mg/L). Qhubeka nokunye. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izinto ezikhishwayo ezizoba nomthelela omkhulu ezimonyoni. Uma nje inani lezinto ezikhishwayo lihambisana nemithetho kazwelonke efanele kanye namazinga okuhlola afanelekile futhi lingenabungozi kubasebenzisi, lezi zinto ezikhishwayo ziwukuhambisana okuvamile.

2.2 Ukucutshungulwa kwesibili kwezinto zokupakisha nokuhlola ukuhambisana kokuqukethwe

Ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kokucutshungulwa kwesibili kwezinto zokupakisha kanye nokuqukethwe kuvame ukusho ukuhambisana kwenqubo yokufaka imibala nokuphrinta yezinto zokupakisha nokuqukethwe. Inqubo yokufaka imibala yezinto zokupakisha ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa i-aluminium anodized, i-electroplating, ukufafaza, ukudweba igolide nesiliva, i-oxidation yesibili, umbala wokubumba umjovo, njll. Inqubo yokuphrinta yezinto zokupakisha ihlanganisa ikakhulukazi ukuphrinta kwesikrini sikasilika, isitembu esishisayo, ukuphrinta ukudluliswa kwamanzi, ukudluliswa okushisayo. ukuphrinta, ukuphrinta kwe-offset, njll. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola ukuhambisana ngokuvamile lubhekisela ekugcobeni okuqukethwe ebusweni bempahla yokupakisha, bese ubeka isampula ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nezimo zokushisa ezijwayelekile zokuhambisana kwesikhathi eside noma esifushane. ukuhlola. Izinkomba zokuhlola ikakhulukazi ukuthi ukubukeka kwempahla yokupakisha kuqhekekile, kukhubazekile, kufiphele, njll. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba kuzoba khona izinto eziyingozi empilweni yomuntu kuyinki, uyinki kokuqukethwe kwangaphakathi kwempahla yokupakisha ngesikhathi ukucubungula okwesibili. Ukufuduka kokuqukethwe kufanele futhi kuphenywe.

3. Isifinyezo kanye ne-Outlook

Leli phepha linikeza usizo oluthile lokukhethwa kwezinto zokupakisha ngokufingqa izinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zokupakisha zezimonyo kanye nezici ezingaba ezingaphephile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, inikeza ireferensi ethile yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokupakisha ngokufingqa ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezimonyo nezinto zokupakisha. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje kunemithetho embalwa efanelekile yezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo, kuphela “Izicaciso Zezobuchwepheshe Zokuphepha Kwezimonyo” (ushicilelo luka-2015) oluthi “izinto zokupakisha ezithintana ngokuqondile nezimonyo zizophepha, ngeke zibe nokuhlangana kwamakhemikhali nezimonyo, futhi kufanele. hhayi ukufuduka noma ukudedelwa emzimbeni womuntu. Izinto eziyingozi nezinobuthi”. Kodwa-ke, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukutholwa kwezinto eziyingozi ephaketheni ngokwalo noma ukuhlolwa kokuhambisana, kuyadingeka ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kwezimonyo. Kodwa-ke, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuphepha kokupakishwa kwezimonyo, ngaphezu kwesidingo sokuqinisa ukugadwa yiminyango kazwelonke efanele, izinkampani zezimonyo kufanele futhi zenze izindinganiso ezihambisanayo zokuyihlola, abakhiqizi bezinto zokupakisha kufanele balawule ngokuqinile ukusetshenziswa kwezithasiselo ezinobuthi neziyingozi ku-cosmetic. inqubo yokukhiqiza izinto zokupakisha. Kukholakala ukuthi ngaphansi kocwaningo oluqhubekayo lwezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo olwenziwa nguhulumeni kanye neminyango efanele, izinga lokuhlolwa kokuphepha nokuhlolwa kokuhambisana kwezinto zokupakisha zezimonyo lizoqhubeka nokuthuthuka, futhi ukuphepha kwabathengi abasebenzisa izimonyo kuzoqinisekiswa ngokwengeziwe.